Which term describes learning based on reinforcement and punishment?

Which term describes learning based on reinforcement and punishment?

• A. Classical conditioning
• B. Latent learning
• C. Operant conditioning
• D. Observational learning

Answer: (C)

Operant conditioning is learning driven by the consequences of behavior. When a behavior is followed by reinforcement, a reward or removal of an unpleasant stimulus, that behavior is more likely to happen again. When a behavior is followed by punishment, an adverse consequence, it becomes less likely to occur. This framework distinguishes it from other forms of learning: classical conditioning relies on forming associations between a neutral stimulus and a reflex, latent learning is knowledge not immediately shown, and observational learning is acquired by watching others. The focus on reinforcement and punishment as the forces shaping future behavior makes operant conditioning the best answer.

Operant conditioning is learning driven by the consequences of behavior. When a behavior is followed by reinforcement, a reward or removal of an unpleasant stimulus, that behavior is more likely to happen again. When a behavior is followed by punishment, an adverse consequence, it becomes less likely to occur. This framework distinguishes it from other forms of learning: classical conditioning relies on forming associations between a neutral stimulus and a reflex, latent learning is knowledge not immediately shown, and observational learning is acquired by watching others. The focus on reinforcement and punishment as the forces shaping future behavior makes operant conditioning the best answer.